Spread of Buddhism in China free essay sample

During the spread of Buddhism in china, three popular views were that the spreading of Buddhism should be stopped, society benefited from it, and it was the way of salvation (afterlife). One of the responses to the spread of Buddhism was that it should be stopped. Many officials believed that Buddhism was harmful to china because Buddhism was discordant with the already established Chinese traditions, culture, and aristocracy. The leading scholar and official at the Tang imperial court, Han Yu, writes to his leader (document ) â€Å"Your servant begs leave to say that Buddhism is no more than a cult of the barbarian people spread to china†¦ The Buddha was a man of the barbarians who did not speak Chinese†¦ your servant is deeply ashamed and begs that this bone from the Buddha be given to the proper authorities to be cast into fire and water, that this evil be rooted out, and later generations spared this delusion. Han Yu was a Confucian scholar, so it is no surprise that he is opposed to Buddhism which clashes with Confucianism in many aspects including how Confucianism promotes one fulfilling his duties to his lord and country, where as Buddhism promotes detachment to avoid sorrow. The Tang Emperor Wu wrote (document 6) â€Å"Buddhism has transmitted its strange ways and has spread like a luxuriant vine until it has poisoned the customs of our nation†¦ Buddhism wears out the people’s strength, pilfers their wealth, causes people to abandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees†¦ Having thoroughly examined all earlier reports and consulted public opinion on all sides, there no longer remains the slightest doubt in our mind that this evil should be eradicated. . Emperor Wu did not want the spread of Buddhism to continue because it advocates one to focus on reaching nirvana, and in order to reach nirvana people would join monasteries and â€Å"abandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers. † Obviously any leader such as Wu would not want his subjects to stop contributing to the country and focus on reaching enlightenment. This explains why he would write in oppo sition of the spread of Buddhism. Another response was that the spread of Buddhism was good for both the community and society. A leading Buddhist scholar, Zong Mi, wrote (document 5) â€Å"Confucius, Laozi, and the Buddha were perfect sages†¦ All three teachings lead to the creation of an orderly society and for this they must be observed with respect. † This scholar and many others agree that Buddhism is good and that it contributes to an orderly society. One reason for this belief is that Buddhist try to achieve self-peace, and then become bodhisattvas and help others achieve nirvana. This document also shows us that Buddhism is in perfect harmony with the already existent philosophies, and that the three (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism) come together to supplement each other and together create a peaceful society. Zong Mi wrote in favor of Buddhism because of the fact that he is a Buddhist scholar and wanted others to see that Buddhism is good for the people as a whole. An Anonymous Chinese scholar wrote (document 3) â€Å"To compare the sages to the Buddha would be like comparing a white deer to a unicorn or a swallow to a phoenix†¦ The [Buddhist] monk practices the Way and substitutes that for worldly pleasures. He accumulates goodness. † Through the tone of the anonymous scholar, it seems evident that he reveres the Buddhist to be peaceful and of good-natured. The author wrote this in response to a few proposed problems, and he showed that the supposed â€Å"negatives† are not bad at all, but simply misunderstandings of the goods of Buddhism. The third response was that because of the spread of Buddhism many more people would be able to reach nirvana and get away from sorrow. In the first sermon preached, Buddha said (document 1) â€Å"The first Noble Truth is the truth of sorrow. Birth is sorrow, age is sorrow, disease is sorrow, death is sorrow, contact with the unpleasant is sorrow, separation from the pleasant is sorrow, and every wish unfilled is sorrow. The second Noble Truth is the Noble Truth of the Arising of Sorrow: it arises from craving, which leads to rebirth, which brings delight and passion, and seeks pleasure. The third Noble Truth is the Noble Truth of Sorrow. It is the complete stopping of that craving, so that no passion remains, leaving it, being emancipated from it, being released from it, giving no place to it. The fourth Noble Truth is the Noble Truth of the Way that Leads to the Stopping of Sorrow. † By acknowledging the four noble truths and then following the eightfold path, one is able to reach nirvana. Because these are the words of the creator of the Buddhism philosophy, it is clear to see that he is trying to show that through Buddhism, one can find peace from within. A Chinese scholar, Zhi Dun, wrote (document 2) â€Å"whosoever serves the Buddha and correctly observes the commandments, recites the Buddhist scriptures, and furthermore makes a vow to be reborn without ever abandoning his sincere intention, will at the end of his life be miraculously transported thither. He will behold the Buddha and be enlightened in his spirit, and then he will enter nirvana. † The Author wrote this when northern china was invaded by central Asian steppe nomads, and his tone is very optimistic. A possible reason for this him writing this with such hope is that during a time of unrest he was able to achieve partial or complete peace through Buddhism, and thus he is writing this to encourage others to follow Buddhism and obtain peace as he did. It would have been helpful for a map of how Buddhism spread into/around china or a map of the percentage of Buddhist every 10 years. This would have helped because one would have been able to see what areas were affected first and what areas were affected the most. From that, one would better be able to better comprehend the differences in responses to the spread of Buddhism.

The History of Art Essays (1109 words) - Depression,

Fast Food and its Effect on Health Human nutrition is the study of how food affects the health and survival of the human body. Human beings require food to grow, reproduce, and maintain good health. Without the food our bodies could not stay warm, build or repair tissues, and maintain a good heartbeat. Eating the right foods could help us rid certain diseases or recover faster other illness occur. These and other important functions are dueled by chemical substances in our food called nutrients. Nutrients p0lya a major role in maintaining the bodies organs in functioning at its proper level. The Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR) is in influenced by the body site and on state of nutrition. The BMR is an important diagnostic tool especially in determines disorders of the thyroid gland. Inadequate secretion of the thyroid may lead to greatly depresses metabolism with mental and physically lethargy. Depression is a complex illness with many facets of which mood is only one. Depression is a form of mental illness which a person experiences great sadness and despair in one. Depression can also be considered as self-destructive hatred, blaming oneself for being full of helpfulness. Depression can also be used to describe the blues a person may feel from time to time. Depressive disorders are at the present the highest-ranking problems in America. A variety of medical conditions can cause and lead to depression. A depressive disorder is a whole body illness involving your body, mood and thoughts. People with severe depressive disorder usually deal with a combination of genetics, behavioral, and environmental factors. People with these feelings have greater thoughts towards committing suicide. Fiftieth percent of depressed people commit and others attempt suicide. Most of these depressed persons suffer from malnutrition. Mental Health a, psychological state of well being, a sense of purpose in life. Self-esteem, self-assurance, and self-acceptance, are all characteristics of mental health. Mental health is ter m used to refer to the absence of mental disorder. Mental health is focused upon by a person's capability of dealing with strenuous situations. Being able to elude cognitive, emotional, and dysfunctional behavior is good form of mental health. A positive strategy for the mental health and limiting depression is decreasing stresses. Sometimes there is much need for stress management. Psychological make-up also can be linked to depression. A number of different aspects of life can downside an individuals mental health. Depression is a major factor that affects a person's mental state. Many problems such as martial relationships, or financial difficulties in a person's life can lead to stress. Stresses can also onset depression. Stress management can be a positive factor in reducing the risk of depression. Depression is a common and costly mental illness that affects approximately 17.6 million Americans each year. Depression can affect a person's mental health. There are many different forms of depression that are linked to mental health disorders. A number of mental illnesses occur worldwide. The most common disorders are manic depression, schizophrenia, and severe depression. Manic depression is a bipolar disease that causes mood swings from manic to depression. Manic disorders affect a person's way of thinking and judgement Schizophrenia is an abnormal behavior, which distorts thought and perceptions from reality. Severe depression sometimes referred to as major depression enables a person to interact with daily situations. Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that prohibit the ability to work, eat, and sleep. These episodes may reoccur numerous times throughout a person's life. Certain situations can drive a person into depressed state. Without proper treatment, symptoms of depression can last for weeks. A person must first have a physical and psychological evaluation to determine if in fact they do have a depressive disorder. Physician s have to first rule out all other possibilities before administering a medication. There must be a proper interview of the person's complete history. Lab test is also done to determine the symptoms the person is claiming to be having. Necessary treatment will depend on the outcome of the evaluation. Depression can be treated with antidepressant drugs. The human brain has neurotransmitters, which control our emotion and mood state. Antidepressants act on these neurotransmitters by altering the level of the depressed state.

Free IELTS Essay Writing Samples - How to Use Them Properly

Free IELTS Essay Writing Samples - How to Use Them ProperlyFor those who want to write their first IELTS essay, free essay writing samples are the best way to get started on your goal of writing the perfect English language exam essay. There are many IELTS writing samples out there, but they can be quite difficult to read, and you may find it difficult to learn from them.There are many people who still rely on writing samples to read the lesson, to learn the exact way to write. But by relying on this type of strategy, you will not be able to fully understand the importance of vocabulary and other things. You need to be able to understand how the experts write their essay, without relying on writing samples.Instead of relying on IELTS writing samples, you should follow the tips in this article and you will start writing better essays by learning how to use other techniques to help you write essays. Of course, the more you read and practice, the better you will become.Many people still rely on writing samples, even if they have a practice session with an instructor. This is because they do not want to write by themselves, or they just do not know what to write. You should follow these tips if you want to write your first IELTS essay. By doing so, you will be able to fully understand what you should write about and how you should write it.Wordings and Punctuation - Wordings and punctuation are very important. It can help you a lot if you know how to write them well. The best way to begin is to write your first essay without using any types of patterns and wordings. Ask yourself questions that are important and find the ones that you can write from a dictionary. Write a few sentences and have a practice session with your teacher.However, when you do find a pattern that you want to use, use it carefully and avoid any repetition. Just make sure that you learn how to avoid the dreaded lazy writer's syndrome, which is commonly referred to as the 'I write as I read' syn drome. This is actually one of the problems for most English writers and their native-English writing skills.Wordings can also help you learn how to write faster because you can remember each word. Just focus on the basic words and phrases that are involved in the rest of the essay.By learning the simple ways of writing, you will be able to achieve fluency in English, and you will also be able to learn how to write well, without any reliance on IELTS writing samples. Your future essays will not require that you study or learn from IELTS essay writing samples, but you will instead be able to write them by doing exercises and learning from your own writing.

Country Is Morally Superior To City Essays - Virtue,

Country Is Morally Superior To City Traditionally, the country is seen as being morally superior to the city. The city and the country are used, therefore, to symbolise vice and virtue respectively: the youth of Rome...[are] always amenable to any perverse suggestion who could endure this monstrous city...and swallow his wrath? When shall I see that place in the country, when shall I be free to browse among the writers of old...? The moral decrepitude of the city is seen as a symptom of modern degeneration: an age when each pimp of a husband takes gifts from his own wife's lover The inconvenience of city life: Juvenal documents the physical dangers of life in Rome - The cruel city's myriad perils including the badly made accommodation, the danger of mugging and robbery and the constant house fires, although his contrast of this with the country's squalor and isolation suggests that he doesn't feel the country to be the haven that Horace sees it as. Horace's satires concentrate more on the lack of personal freedom and space in the city-hundreds of items of other people's business buzz in my head and jump round my legs This lack of freedom is personified by the 'Pest' of Horace's Satire 1:9. City life is characterised as unhealthy, with the leaden sirocco, which in the tainted Autumn enriches Our Lady of Funerals and heartburn and ulcers, brought on by overeating The pace of life: A major part of the inconvenience of city life seems to be the pace, which Horace finds almost unendurable: I have to barge through the crowd, bruising the slow-movers. and describes allegorically in his tale of the town and country mice - They dashed in fright down the long hall, their fear turning to utter panic when they heard the sound of mastiffs baying A large part of this problem in Juvenal's view is the problem of traffic and, more specifically, of being a pedestrian in Rome: those behind us tread on our heels. Sharp elbows buffet my ribs, poles poke into me; one lout swings a crossbeam down on my skull In contrast, the country is described by Horace in natural, calm terms: A piece of land...with a garden and, near the house, a spring that never fails, and a bit of wood to round it off. Juvenal also gives a rather idyllic description of country life, with its informality and freedom from fashion - Even the magistrates need no better badge of status than a plain white tunic. Cultural life in Rome: Although the city might be expected to be far more culturally active than the country, the Roman Satirists Bibliography Traditionally, the country is seen as being morally superior to the city. The city and the country are used, therefore, to symbolise vice and virtue respectively: the youth of Rome...[are] always amenable to any perverse suggestion who could endure this monstrous city...and swallow his wrath? When shall I see that place in the country, when shall I be free to browse among the writers of old...? The moral decrepitude of the city is seen as a symptom of modern degeneration: an age when each pimp of a husband takes gifts from his own wife's lover The inconvenience of city life: Juvenal documents the physical dangers of life in Rome - The cruel city's myriad perils including the badly made accommodation, the danger of mugging and robbery and the constant house fires, although his contrast of this with the country's squalor and isolation suggests that he doesn't feel the country to be the haven that Horace sees it as. Horace's satires concentrate more on the lack of personal freedom and space in the city-hundreds of items of other people's business buzz in my head and jump round my legs This lack of freedom is personified by the 'Pest' of Horace's Satire 1:9. City life is characterised as unhealthy, with the leaden sirocco, which in the tainted Autumn enriches Our Lady of Funerals and heartburn and ulcers, brought on by overeating The pace of life: A major part of the inconvenience of city life seems to be the pace, which Horace finds almost unendurable: I have to barge through the crowd, bruising the

The Royal Proclamation act essays

The Royal Proclamation act essays The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 was issued by the British government in the name of King George III to prohibit settlement by British colonists beyond the Appalachian Mountains in the lands captured by Britain from France in the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War and to end exploitative purchases of aboriginal land. It established requirements that had to be met before aboriginal land could be purchased, including one that the purchase must be approved by a meeting of all members of the people selling the land. The motivation for the proclamation was a desire to avoid the expense of further wars with Native Peoples. The proclamation was largely ignored on the ground (in particular in settlements already established in the prohibited area) but its very existence created a large amount of resentment among the British colonists. After the American Revolutionary War, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 became a dead letter in the United States, but continued in force in Rupert's Land, which later became part of Canada. The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of aboriginal peoples in Canada: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is mentioned in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It appeared that the Proclamation of 1763 had nothing but the most noble intentions. In fact there were some flaws in it at the time, and other ones that have developed recently. For example, it declared that the Crown was best suited to alienate Indian lands. This meant that all leases and sales of Indian lands would be forever conducted through the Crown as an intermediary. Responsibility and control thus lay with the governing officials and the Indians, conveying a hierarchical relationship rather than an equal partnership. This inequality was also evident in the Proclamations implicit preference for written treaties. Unlike the Europeans, who had recognized written agreements for several centuries, North Am...

The Method of Narration Used in The Catcher in The Rye

The Method of Narration Used in The Catcher in The Rye Free Online Research Papers The Method of Narration Used in The Catcher in The Rye The catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is a novel which is written in the first person. The first person narrative plays a very significant part in the readers’ appreciation of the text. As the novel begins, the main character Holden Caulfield prepares to tell his story to a psychoanalyst at a psychiatric home. As a result of the narrative the reader is also an analyst to Holden and he addresses each reader who reads the novel in a very intimate manner. The narrative always the reader to understand and see more clearly why Holden has a nervous breakdown this emphasises how important it is to the readers’ appreciation of the text. The first person narrative allows the reader to get a very personal view of Holdens thoughts and feelings, making them feel very close to him. Holden also describes what he himself sees and experiences, providing his own commentary on the people and events he describes. Throughout the novel Holden never comments on his emotional state directly but he does however tell the reader at one point that he is undergoing emotional strain. Holden also tells us â€Å"I’m feeling lousy† which conveys to the reader that he is mentally and physically breaking. He simply describes his increasingly desperate state without much explanation. Salinger however cleverly manipulates Holdens narrative to signal to the reader that there is more to the story that Holden himself admits or describes. Holden makes it very clear from the very beginning of the novel that he does not get on very well at school. An incident which shows this is when Holden does not attend the school football match with the rest of the school. â€Å"This game†¦was supposed to be a very big deal around Pencey. It was the last game of the year, and you were supposed to commit suicide or something if Pencey didn’t win†. This shows the reader that this game was very important to the people in this school but not to Holden. Holden choosing not to go with the rest of his school including his peers conveys to the reader that Holden is not like the other children at his school and maybe not like other teenagers, he may be a loner. The sarcasm about committing suicide in Holdens comment emphasises the matches’ significance to the school and the pupils and its insignificance to Holden. The narrative technique allows the reader to appreciate that Holden is maybe different from other teena gers. Holden also tells us â€Å"they kicked me out. I wasn’t supposed to come back after Christmas vacation, on account of I was flunking four subjects and not applying myself and all.† This makes the reader sympathise with Holden especially when he tells us he also â€Å"had some difficulty at the Whooton School and at Elkton Hills† as this shows that this is not the first time that Holden has been kicked out of school. Failing school can make anyone miserable but being thrown out because of it can make them very depressed. As this is the third time it has happened to Holden it emphasises how unbelievably depressed he must feel and also how he may think that he is a failure. Salinger’s narrative technique makes it very obvious to the reader that Holden is depressed and thinks he is a failure who has let his family down. The narrative also allows the reader to understand why Holden has a nervous breakdown and how awful he feels, also making them apprecia te why he act the ways he does. Holden feels guilty about many of the things he does, He for instance feels he has let his parents and sister down as he has been thrown out of school yet again. â€Å"I didn’t want to go home or anything until they had got it and thoroughly digested it and all† this shows that Holden realises how angry and upset his family are going to be when they find out about his situation. Holden feels most guilty about letting his mum down as she is still fragile from his brother Allies death. â€Å"That depressed me. I could see my mother going into Spaulding’s and asking the salesman a million dopey questions – and here I was getting the ax again. Holden feels very guilty as his mum has gone through a lot of effort to get him a really nice present and he knows that he is going to break her heart again once she finds out he has been thrown out of school again. Holden also tells us about how he didn’t take his now dead brother out with him once in the past, which he feels awful about â€Å"It wasn’t that I didn’t used to take him with me when I went somewhere. I did. But that one day, I didn’t I keep thinking about it and all, when I get very depressed.† Holden loved his brother very much but just cannot forgive himself for this one mistake. Holden also tells the reader that now when he thinks about this day he amends it to him telling Allie he can come. This however makes Holden feel even more depressed as he knows this is not what actually happened. The first person narrative as well as word choice help the reader to see and appreciate why Holden feels guilty. This guilt is one of the main causes of Holden Caulfields nervous breakdown. Holdens adolescence is revealed through the use of first person narrative and also the language he uses to describe his thoughts, feelings and experiences. Holden uses teenage language throughout the novel and when the book first came out the language in it caused quite a stir words like â€Å"phoniest bastard† and â€Å"sonovabitch† help paint a picture of a teenager in trouble. The swearing is used to convey a deep-seated insecurity in Holden. Therefore all of the language in the novel enhances thematic concerns and characterisation. The result is the reader fully understands Holden and the trauma he experiences. To conclude Salinger’s use of first person narrative along with a variety of other features is very important to the readers appreciation of the text. This is due to many reasons but mainly because it allows the reader to fully understand what the main character Holden is feeling and experiencing. 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Stakeholders Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholders Theory - Case Study Example Basis of determining business relationships: As per the shareholder's theory, corporate relationships are determined by legal or implied contracts. Thus, it recognizes accountability towards those parties with whom an explicit legal agreement has been entered into. This vastly limits the scope of accountibility.On the other hand the stakeholders' school of thought Escalation in value of shareholding: the shareholders theory endorses the objective of generating higher returns to the investment of the shareholders. Whereas the stakeholders' take is that, the corporation should strive to yield higher social returns to all the parties involved with it. Objective of wealth creation: escalation in the value of shareholding will result in greater wealth creation; therefore, it is consistent with the traditional corporate objective of profit maximization. The proponents of the shareholders theory maintain this. However, the other view is that, when the interest of the stakeholders is taken into consideration then there shall be fairer distribution in addition to wealth creation, which will promote the general welfare of society. The Tinged Shareholders theory contains a reconciliation of the main ideas of the two schools of thought. It makes allowance for moral and social obligations and at the same time retains the director's fiduciary duties and holds them responsible to the shareholders. The conflicting grounds of the normative and instrumental approaches are blurred in this theory. The traditional profit-maximizing objective of the shareholders theory is maintained, while incorporating the corporate social responsibilities as well, therefore it is consistent with moral duty. c) I find the stakeholders theory rather convincing. The recognition of commercial pursuits and social obligations appeal to me. The stakeholder's theory can justifiably claim to be superior because it upholds the interests of the owners without neglecting social welfare. If a company is profitable but its employees are a harassed lot, or its suppliers are bleeding dry because of the constant pressure of cutting costs, it defeats the purpose of corporate social responsibility. Singular motive of wealth creation can be ruthless if fair distribution and social welfare are neglected. A company owes responsibility towards it's employee's for improving their quality of life as much as it owes to it's customers for rendering quality at reasonable prices. .Wal-Mart is a case in point. This example demonstrates that commercial quests should not be divorced from social responsibilities.Wal Mart is the largest retailer in the world with a 20% market share in America and a formidable presence in retail in most parts of the world. It has gone overboard in its attempts to cut costs and increase profit margins. Recently exposed practices include locking overnight workers in its stores, allowing Wal-Mart maintaince contractors to use illegal immigrants as janitors. It is also known